The Science
of Neuromodulation
From stroke recovery to ADHD care, discover how our research in prismatic adaptation is redefining cognitive rehabilitation and intervention.
BROWSE OUR SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES
Oliveri, M., Stanzione, A., Caruso, G., Di Garbo, A., Turriziani, P., & Carlesimo, G. A. (2025). Long-term improvement of episodic memory in stroke patients following a short treatment with prism adaptation and serious games. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience. Special Issue: Advances in Stroke Rehabilitation.
Oliveri, M., Bagnato, S., Rizzo, S., Imbornone, E., & Turriziani, P. (2025). Prism adaptation combined with serious games for improving visual-constructive abilities in stroke patients: Randomized clinical trial. Frontiers in Digital Health, 7.
Oliveri, M., Bagnato, S., Rizzo, S., Imbornone, E., Giustiniani, A., Catania, A., & Turriziani, P. (2023). A novel digital approach for post-stroke cognitive deficits: A pilot study. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 41, 103–113.
Danesin, L., Oliveri, M., Semenza, C., Bottini, G., Burgio, F., & Giustiniani, A. (2023). Prism adaptation in patients with unilateral lesion of the parietal or cerebellar cortex: A pilot study on two single cases using a concurrent exposure procedure. Neuropsychologia, 6, 184:108557.
Magnani. B., Oliveri, M., Mancuso, G., Galante, E., & Frassinetti, F. (2011). Time and spatial attention: Effects of prism adaptation on temporal deficits in brain damaged patients. Neuropsychologia, 49, 1016–1023.
Baron, G., Danesin, L., Ranzini, M., Menardi, A., Vallesi, A., Bonato, M., Oliveri, M., Semenza, C., Bottini, G., & Burgio, F. (2025). Repetitive Exposure to Prismatic Adaptation in Post-stroke Optic Ataxia: a single case study exploring behavioural changes and brain functional reorganization. Neuroimage, In Press, Journal Pre-proof, Available online 6 Nov. 2025
Conte, G. Quadrana, L, Zotti, L, Di Garbo, A., Oliveri, M. (2024). Prismatic adaptation coupled with cognitive training as novel treatment for Developmental Dyslexia: a randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports, 14:7148.
Turriziani, P., Campo, F. F., Bonaventura, R. E., Mangano, G. R., & Oliveri, M. (2024). Modulation of memory by prism adaptation in healthy subjects. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 25358.
Culicetto, L., Giustininani, A., Lo Buono, V., Cazzato, V., Falzone, A., Vicario. C. M., Quartarone, A., & Marino, S. (2024). From real to virtual prism adaptation therapy: a systematic review on benefits and challenges of a new potential rehabilitation approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 15.
Panico, F., Sagliano, L., Sorbino, G., Trojano, L. (2022). Engagement of a parieto-cerebellar network in prism adaptation. A double-blind high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation study on healthy individuals. Cortex, 146, 39-49.
Turriziani, P. et al. (2021). Improvement of phonemic fluency following leftward prism adaptation. Scientific Reports, 11:7313.
Bracco, M., et al. (2018). Prismatic adaptation Modulates Oscillatory EEG Correlates of Motor Preparation but Not Visual Attention in Healthy Participants. The Journal of Neuroscience, 38(5), 1189 –1201.
Bracco, M. et al. (2017). Combining tDCS with prismatic adaptation for non-invasive neuromodulation of the motor cortex. Neuropsychologia, 101, 30-38.
Magnani, B. et al. (2014). Prismatic Adaptation as a Novel Tool to Directionally Modulate Motor Cortex Excitability: Evidence From Paired-pulse TMS. Brain Stimulation, 7, 573-579.
Magnani, B., Frassinetti, F., Ditiye, T., Oliveri, M., Costantini, M. & Walsh (2014). Left insular cortex and left SFG underlie prismatic adaptation effects on time perception: evidence from fMRI. NeuroImage, 92, 340-348.
Magnani, B. et al. (2013). The role of posterior parietal cortices on prismatic adaptation effects on the representation of time intervals. Neuropsychologia, 51, 2825–2832.
Oliveri, M. et al. (2013). Prismatic adaptation effects on spatial representation of time in neglect patients. Cortex, 49(1), 120-130.
Frassinetti, F., Magnani, B., & Oliveri, M. (2009). Prismatic lenses shift time perception. Psychological Science, 20(8), 949-954.
Pisella, L., Rode, G., Farnè, A., Tilikete, C., & Rossetti. Y. (2006). Prism adaptation in the rehabilitation of patients with visuo-spatial cognitive disorders. Current Opinion in Neurology, 19(6), 534e542.
Frassinetti, F., Angeli, V., Meneghello, F., Avanzi, S., & Làdavas, E. (2002). Long‐lasting amelioration of visuospatial neglect by prism adaptation. Brain, 125(3), 608-623.
Rossetti, Y., Rode, G., Pisella, L., Farné, A, Li, L., Boisson, D., & et al. (1998). Prism adaptation to a rightward optical deviation rehabilitates left hemispatial neglect. Nature, 395(6698), 166e169.
Danesin, L., D’Este, G., Barresi, R., Piazzalunga, E., Di Garbo, A., Giustiniani, A., Semenza, C., Bottini, G., Oliveri, M., & Burgio, F. (2025). Preliminary Evidence of Biological and Cognitive Efficacy of Prismatic Adaptation Combined with Cognitive Training on Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Biomedicines, 13(10), 2447.
A Short Scientific History of Prismatic Adaptation
Origins in Early Science
Prismatic Adaptation was first explored in early 20th-century psychophysiology by Hermann von Helmholtz, laying the groundwork for understanding how visual shifts affect spatial perception.
1990s: Neuroscience Takes Notice
In 1998, a landmark study published in Nature by Rossetti et al. reignites interest in prismatic adaptation, highlighting its potential to restore spatial attention in patients with hemispatial neglect.
2000s: The Neural Correlates of Prismatic Adaptation
Research confirms that prismatic adaptation can modulate cortical excitability similarly to electrical currents but without invasive tools, and acts selectively targeting one hemisphere at a time. Studies start to establish the maintenance in time of cognitive benefits of prismatic adaptation after a cycle of stimulation: up to 6 months.
2020s: Beyond Spatial Cognition
New findings reveal that leftward prism deviation can modulate language and other higher-order functions, expanding the clinical potential of prismatic adaptation beyond visual-spatial rehabilitation.
2025: From Research to a New Digital Therapy with MindLenses
Restorative Neurotechnologies brings prismatic adaptation into digital healthcare through MindLenses, bringing the gap from lab to bedside in a complete digital therapy protocol that can be used directly by healthcare professionals. The results of clinical trials demonstrating the effectiveness and the lasting benefits of MindLenses in cognitive rehabilitation post stroke are published in scientific journals.
Our patents
Our proprietary technology is protected by a robust family of patents at the national, European, and international level. These inventions form the foundation of our unique approach to cognitive rehabilitation and enhancement.
Patent Family #1
A system and a method for enhancing or rehabilitating the cognitive skills of a subject
- IT Patent No. 102019000004269 – Release Date 28/04/2021
- International demand PCT/IB2020/052737 – Extended to the United Arab Emirates, Japan, India, Israel, and the USA.
- European Patent N. 20719720.3 – Deposited 24/03/2020, Release Date 02/07/2025
Patent Family #2
System for cognitive rehabilitation of patients affected by neurological or psychiatric diseases
- IT Patent No. 102023000028074 – Deposited 27/12/2023, Awaiting examination
- PCT International Application PCT/IB2024/063105 – Deposited 23/12/2024, Currently undergoing international extension
Clinical Trials & Product Launch Roadmap
